The Term “Gaslighting” Is Everywhere – but What Does It Really Mean?

Gaslighting is a term you hear thrown around often, but not many people fully understand what it means or the context in which it’s used. This happens a lot in pop culture – especially on shows like “The Bachelor” or “The Bachelorette.” For example, on Katie Thurston’s season, she accused leading contender Greg Grippo of “gaslighting her” in their final conversation together. Celebrities tend to throw the term out pretty often, too. In another example, Kanye West wrote in an Instagram comment that “there’s multiple attempts to gas light [sic] me” regarding custody disagreements with ex Kim Kardashian.

In August of last year, “gaslighting” was searched on Google over one million times, and if you look at TikTok, or any other social media platform in general, it’s likely you’ll find the comment sections flooded with people using the term loosely.

Because gaslighting has received so much traction in mainstream media as of late, let’s start by addressing its technical definition: “Gaslighting is a term used to describe a manipulative strategy used in communication to make someone question the way they have observed or experienced an event or situation,” says therapist Naiylah Warren, LMFT, clinical content manager at Real.

In other words, this form of psychological abuse may cause you to question or doubt your sanity, judgment, or experience, says Ernesto Lira de la Rosa, a psychologist and media advisor for Hope for Depression Research Foundation. It’s what happens when you question your own reality.

The term assumingly came from the 1944 film “Gaslight,” where a husband slowly manipulated his wife into believing she was going insane. And since the movie’s release, it has been used to describe repetitive and persistent abuse that’s used as a tool to shift the power dynamic in a relationship. For that reason, we’re going to focus this post on gaslighting in romantic relationships, although gaslighting can happen anywhere – in your profession, at the doctor’s office, with friends or family, etc.

To help you better understand what gaslighting is, we spoke to mental health professionals about the cycle of gaslighting, specific gaslighting examples, common phrases gaslighters use, and the toll it can take on someone’s mental health.

What Is Gaslighting?

Like in the film “Gaslight,” gaslighting happens when a person makes an effort to manipulate and control a situation or relationship, and can result in emotional and psychological abuse of their partner. “It’s a tactic used to get someone to start questioning their reality,” explains relationship psychotherapist Melanie Tsesler, adding that “it often makes them feel as though they are at fault.”

The purpose of this behaviour? To gain control of a relationship, as they may have unresolved issues of childhood trauma or narcissism, Teseler says.

Marriage and family therapist Amber Gordon explains that once a partner has introduced gaslighting into a relationship, and is successful in using it as a manipulation technique, they will perpetuate a cycle. That means the gaslighting behaviour will likely continue, potentially get worse over time, and be repeated long-term.

What Is the Cycle of Gaslighting?

1. Lies and Accusations

Recognising the signs of gaslighting can be difficult in a relationship, especially when partners are codependent. Tsesler explains that the general cycle of gaslighting starts with lies that are used against the accuser. Some examples provided by Gordon include phrases like “I never said that,” “It’s your fault,” “You’re remembering things wrong,” and, “I’m sorry you feel this way.” All of these comments help to dismantle the valid feelings of the person on the receiving end. By targeting these accusations, the issue is ultimately disregarded, allowing the gaslighter to continue using the tactic in future incidents.

2. Repeated Behaviour

Due to past accepted behaviours in the relationship, like letting the comments above slide on more than one occasion, Gordon indicates that it is common for the person who is gaslighting their partner to increase the severity of their behaviour over time. As gaslighting becomes more frequent, individuals in these relationships become blinded to their occurrences. “Often, people are unaware that gaslighting [is taking place] because it is a subtle and indirect form of manipulation,” says Gordon. Dismissing or simply not identifying red flags essentially allows this behaviour to continue.

3. Insecurities and Self-Doubt

When confronted, gaslighters often wear down their victim to make them feel insecure and inadequate. How does this impact the victim of gaslighting? Gordon says that those being gaslit question the severity of the situation, which leads to self-doubt and can destabilise their mental health. Due to the nature of gaslighting, “victims will often start to believe that their experiences are not valid and that they should not trust their feelings because the abuser has manipulated them into believing they are not true,” Gordon explains.

4. Reassurance and Codependency

When the victim starts realising the red flags in their relationship and, in turn, confronts the person gaslighting them, the gaslighter will usually backtrack and console their partner. This is a turning point that allows the cycle to continue working. Because the victim receives a bit of praise, they return to the relationship, only for the abuse to continue. “Most individuals don’t realise they are in this pattern until a long time after, perhaps years in the making. By then, their self-esteem is usually worn down, resulting in them believing they aren’t worthy of anything better, so they stay [in the relationship],” says Tsesler.

This increase in codependency makes it much harder for individuals to remove themselves from the situation and distance themselves from their gaslighting partner. Because the victim is reassured of their relationship, this allows the gaslighter to continue controlling the relationship – officially shifting the power dynamic.

5. Maintaining Control

The cycle continues through the means of retaining power, which the gaslighter does through continuous lies while manipulation – essentially stunting their partner’s ability to leave the relationship. By doing so, the victim remains powerless and enwrapped in a bubble of self-doubt and insecurities.

What Are Some Examples of Gaslighting?

It’s important to understand that everyone’s situation and circumstances will look different. And though there’s no definitive answer as to whether something is or isn’t gaslighting, if you are ever doubting yourself, feeling insecure, or not trusting your experiences, this could be a warning sign. To help you better identify gaslighting on your own, Warren shares some situational examples where gaslighting takes place:

• Let’s say you saw your partner flirting with someone. When you call them out on it, they may say something like “no I wasn’t, I was just being friendly, you’re seeing things.”
• If you make plans with your romantic partner to spend a day together, but they forget they made the commitment, they might say “I never said I was available in the first place.”
• If you express to your partner how something made you feel, they react by saying, “that seriously hurt your feelings? That wasn’t even a mean comment.”
• Maybe you and your partner are dealing with infidelity issues and you’re trying to repair the relationship, but, understandably, you are having a hard time trusting your partner. They may tell you to relax, say that you’re being crazy for no reason, or roll their eyes whenever you question them.

Of course, situations will vary, but here are some common phrases gaslighters might use, says Lira de la Rosa:

• “You’re being so sensitive.”
• “Don’t make such a huge deal about it.”
• “The problem isn’t with me, it’s with you.”
• “I was just joking, why are you always overreacting?”
• “Why would you think that? What’s wrong with you?”
• “You’re being so dramatic!”
• “You’re upset over nothing.”
• “You’re just twisting things around. I never said that!”

Signs Your Partner May Be Gaslighting You

Because gaslighting is considered a form of abuse, some people may not even know when it’s happening to them. But Warren says that when you start to second guess yourself, it should alert you something is not right. Here are some additional signs your partner could be gaslighting you:

• You don’t trust your version of what happened.
• You feel deeply misunderstood.
• You feel constantly invalidated.
• You feel like you’re walking on eggshells around your partner.
• You are the one constantly apologising or they do not admit to ever being in the wrong.
• You feel confused because their words don’t align with their actions.
• You never know how your partner is going to be on any given day – they may be warm one day, cold the next.

How Does This Affect Someone’s Mental Health?

The severity of gaslighting can greatly impact the victim’s perception of themselves and the formulation of their identity. As the gaslighter starts to wear down their partner’s self-esteem, this stifles their ability to discern between reality and facts. As indicated in the cycle, insecurities and self-doubt become the gaslightee’s identity. This leads them to question their sanity and increases the difficulty of removing themselves from this cycle in their relationship, despite fully understanding the mental health repercussions. Gordon explains that individuals who have experienced gaslighting will often suffer from decreased self-esteem, self-image issues, anxiety, and depression as a result of this type of manipulation.

How Do You Approach a Significant Other Who Is Gaslighting You?

Being mindful of how you feel in a relationship and how you’re being made to feel in a relationship is key. “As soon as you start noticing manipulation or gaslighting type of behaviour, it’s important to take a step back and see if this is something your partner is willing to seek help to fix.” Tsesler suggests using ‘I feel’ statements to help your partner understand how their actions have affected you.

According to Gordon, establishing boundaries is incredibly important, not just in intimate settings, but also in friendships, family, and work relationships. “Simply put, boundaries indicate what’s OK, and what’s not OK,” she explains.

How Should I Approach a Friend Who I Think May Be in an Emotionally Abusive Relationship?

Being patient is essential when talking to a friend who might be in an abusive relationship. “Pointing out gaslighting when someone isn’t ready to acknowledge the relationship’s nature can cause them to pull away from you and not talk to you about their relationship,” says Gordon. She suggests that you avoid asking probing questions. Instead, ask how they feel in their relationship. Gordon says you can ask questions like “‘how do you feel when they speak to you in that way?’ or ask them, ‘if my partner was treating me that way, what advice would you give me?'”

Gordon and Tsesler agree that a gaslighter can manipulate their significant other into thinking they’re exaggerating the situation’s severity. Because of this, most people we care about that are in emotionally abusive relationships are not always aware of what’s occurring. We can help them acknowledge how they feel and support them in realising that the relationship is an emotionally abusive one.

You don’t want your friend to feel judged or unsupported for being in an abusive relationship. Being a good friend means giving them space to process what’s happening, and providing guidance during times of struggle. Both Gordon and Tsesler also encourage victims to reach out for help and support from mental health professionals for their own healing.

If you feel you may be in an emotionally abusive relationship, please use The National Domestic Violence Hotline or call 1-800-799-SAFE.

Additional reporting by Taylor Andrews